Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linus had an interest in Minix, a small UNIX system, and decided to develop a system that exceeded the Minix standards. He began his work in 1991 when he released version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel was released. The kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under the GNU General Public License and its source code is freely available to everyone. It is this kernel that forms the base around which a Linux operating system is developed. There are now literally hundreds of companies and organizations and an equal number of individuals that have released their own versions of operating systems based on the Linux kernel. More information on the kernel can be found at our sister site, LinuxHQ and at the official Linux Kernel Archives. The current full-featured version is 2.6 (released December 2003) and development continues.

       Apart from the fact that it's freely distributed, Linux's functionality, adaptability and robustness, has made it the main alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-Packard and other giants of the computing world have embraced Linux and support its ongoing development. Well into its second decade of existence, Linux has been adopted worldwide primarily as a server platform. Its use as a home and office desktop operating system is also on the rise. The operating system can also be incorporated directly into microchips in a process called "embedding" and is increasingly being used this way in appliances and devices.

       Throughout most of the 1990's, tech pundits, largely unaware of Linux's potential, dismissed it as a computer hobbyist project, unsuitable for the general public's computing needs. Through the efforts of developers of desktop management systems such as KDE and GNOME, office suite project OpenOffice.org and the Mozilla web browser project, to name only a few, there are now a wide range of applications that run on Linux and it can be used by anyone regardless of his/her knowledge of computers. Those curious to see the capabilities of Linux can download a live CD version called Knoppix . It comes with everything you might need to carry out day-to-day tasks on the computer and it needs no installation. It will run from a CD in a computer capable of booting from the CD drive. Those choosing to continue using Linux can find a variety of versions or "distributions" of Linux that are easy to install, configure and use. Information on these products is available in our distribution section and can be found by selecting the mainstream/general public category.

Additional Information

       If you're interested in learning about Linux, need help with some aspect of its use or are enthusiastic about it and want to help foster its adoption, you may want to get in touch with a Linux User Group in your area. There are groups in practically every country, region and city in the world, so there is likely to be one near you.

       Each day, Linux use is increasing in every sector of our society. We have information about Linux deployments in government, industry and the arts.

       Linux has an official mascot, Tux, the Linux penguin, which was selected by Linus Torvalds to represent the image he associates with the operating system. Tux was created by Larry Ewing and Larry has generously given it to the community to be freely used to promote Linux. More information on use of the image can be found on his webpage. More links to variations on the image and alternative logos can be found on our logo page

       Many people are not sure of the pronunciation of the word Linux. Although many variations of the word exist, often due to native language factors, it is normally pronounced with a short " i " and with the first syllable stressed, as in LIH-nucks. You can hear how Linux creator Linus Torvalds pronounces the word in Swedish and in English .

       Linux是一套免费使用和自由传播的类Unix操作系统。我们通常所说的Linux，指的是GNU/Linux ，即采用Linux内核的GNU操作系统。GNU代表GNU’s Not Unix。它既是一个操作系统，也是一种规范。Linux最早由Linus Torvalds在1991年开始编写。在这之前，Richard Stallman创建了Free Software Foundation（FSF）组织以及GNU项目，并不断的编写创建GNU程序（程序的许可方式均为GPL：General Public License）。在不断的有程序员和开发者加入到GNU组织中后，变造就了今天我们所看到的Linux！
　　Linux是一个内核。然而一个完整的操作系统不仅仅是内核而已。所以许多个人、组织和企业开发了基于GNU/Linux的Linux发行版。今天有不计其数的发行版可供人们选择使用，虽然不够统一的标准给不同版本的使用者在技术上的相互沟通带来了一定的麻烦，但归根结底“自由、开源、团结互助”的理念是Linux爱好者们共同的向往。

       Linux的发行版本可以大体分为两类，一类是商业公司维护的发行版本，一类是社区组织维护的发行版本，前者以著名的Redhat（RHEL）为代表，后者以Debian为代表。

下面介绍一下常见发行版本的特点：
        Redhat，应该称为Redhat系列，包括RHEL(Redhat Enterprise Linux，也就是所谓的Redhat Advance Server，收费版本)、Fedora Core(由原来的Redhat桌面版本发展而来，免费版本)、CentOS(RHEL的社区克隆版本，免费)。Redhat应该说是在国内使用人群最多的Linux版本，甚至有人将Redhat等同于Linux，而有些老鸟更是只用这一个版本的Linux。所以这个版本的特点就是使用人群数量大，资料非常多，言下之意就是如果你有什么不明白的地方，很容易找到人来问，而且网上的一般Linux教程都是以Redhat为例来讲解的。Redhat系列的包管理方式采用的是基于RPM包的YUM包管理方式，包分发方式是编译好的二进制文件。稳定性方面RHEL和CentOS的稳定性非常好，适合于服务器使用，但是Fedora Core的稳定性较差，最好只用于桌面应用。
       Debian，或者称Debian系列，包括Debian和Ubuntu等。Debian是社区类Linux的典范，是迄今为止最遵循GNU规范的Linux系统。Debian最早由Ian Murdock于1993年创建，分为三个版本分支（branch）： stable, testing和unstable。其中，unstable为最新的测试版本，其中包括最新的软件包，但是也有相对较多的bug，适合桌面用户。testing的版本都经过unstable中的测试，相对较为稳定，也支持了不少新技术（比如SMP等）。而stable一般只用于服务器，上面的软件包大部分都比较过时，但是稳定和安全性都非常的高。Debian最具特色的是apt-get /dpkg包管理方式，其实Redhat的YUM也是在模仿Debian的APT方式，但在二进制文件发行方式中，APT应该是最好的了。Debian的资料也很丰富，有很多支持的社区。

        Ubuntu严格来说不能算一个独立的发行版本，Ubuntu是基于Debian的unstable版本加强而来，可以这么说，Ubuntu就是一个拥有Debian所有的优点，以及自己所加强的优点的近乎完美的Linux桌面系统。根据选择的桌面系统不同，有三个版本可供选择，基于Gnome的Ubuntu，基于KDE的Kubuntu以及基于Xfc的Xubuntu。特点是界面非常友好，容易上手，对硬件的支持非常全面，是最适合做桌面系统的Linux发行版本。

       Gentoo，伟大的Gentoo是Linux世界最年轻的发行版本，正因为年轻，所以能吸取在她之前的所有发行版本的优点，这也是Gentoo被称为最完美的Linux发行版本的原因之一。Gentoo最初由Daniel Robbins（FreeBSD的开发者之一）创建，首个稳定版本发布于2002年。由于开发者对FreeBSD的熟识，所以Gentoo拥有媲美FreeBSD的广受美誉的ports系统——Portage包管理系统。不同于APT和YUM等二进制文件分发的包管理系统，Portage是基于源代码分发的，必须编译后才能运行，对于大型软件而言比较慢，不过正因为所有软件都是在本地机器编译的，在经过各种定制的编译参数优化后，能将机器的硬件性能发挥到极致。Gentoo是所有Linux发行版本里安装最复杂的，但是又是安装完成后最便于管理的版本，也是在相同硬件环境下运行最快的版本。
       最后，有必要介绍一下FreeBSD，需要强调的是：FreeBSD并不是一个Linux系统！但FreeBSD与Linux的用户群有相当一部分是重合的，二者支持的硬件环境也比较一致，所采用的软件也比较类似，所以可以将FreeBSD视为一个Linux版本来比较。FreeBSD拥有两个分支：stable和current。顾名思义，stable是稳定版，而current则是添加了新技术的测试版。FreeBSD采用Ports包管理系统，与Gentoo类似，基于源代码分发，必须在本地机器编后后才能运行，但是Ports系统没有Portage系统使用简便，使用起来稍微复杂一些。FreeBSD的最大特点就是稳定和高效，是作为服务器操作系统的最佳选择，但对硬件的支持没有Linux完备，所以并不适合作为桌面系统。